Mexico is a federal
constitutional republic situated in North America. It has been a colony of
Spain in the past which is why its culture is a mixture of its own and the
European culture. Whatever is known about pre-colonial Mexico is known through
the work of archaeologists. It is known that the most ancient civilization in
Mexico was of the Olmecs. They built many cities and used to construct huge
stone head statues. They also used to worship a jaguar god. This civilization disappeared
around 400 BC but its influence can be found on the later cultures. The following
civilizations include the Teotihuacan, the Zapotecs and Mixtec of Monte Alban,
the Maya of Yucatan, the Toltecs, Aztecs etc. Many of these civilizations used
to perform practices like human sacrifice in order to please their gods.
However, they also made important progress in mathematics, astronomy,
architecture, textile weaving, art, and pottery.
In 1520, Mexico came under
Spain’s power. Spain considered Mexico the most important of their colonies.
They taxed the land greatly and ruled it directly from Spain. The land was
distributed to settlers. It was worked by the Indians who were protected by the
settlers and were also converted to Christianity. As a result, there were four
major castes in Mexico i.e. Espanoles (Spaniards born in Spain), criollos
(Mexican-born, but with Spanish blood), mestizos (Spanish and Indian), and the
indigenes, the Indians. When Napoleon conquered Spain in 1808, Mexico started
to consider independence. A revolution started from 1810 which ended in Mexico’s
independence in 1829. However, Mexico had to suffer great internal problems as
various groups fought each other for almost a century in order to gain control
over the country.
Like any other culture, language
is one of the most important parts of the Mexican culture. It is a Spanish
speaking country and the most populous one at that. The majority of the country
speaks Spanish but almost 62 Amerindian languages are also recognized by the
government as national languages today. The Spanish that is spoken in the
country consists of many vocabulary items that are borrowed from the original
languages.
Mexico has no official religion
but the majority of the country is Christian. This is because of the Spanish
conquest as they converted many people to Christianity during the days of
slavery. Most of the population belongs to various sects of Christianity with
Roman Catholics being the leading ones. There is a very small percentage of
Jews and of people belonging to other religions. As far as art is concerned,
Mexico is still famous for its pre-colonization art. Many modern handcrafts
still have the influence of Aztec art. It can be seen in pottery, garments,
baskets and rugs etc. The influence of pre-colonization art can also be seen in
buildings and structures that are monumental or ceremonial. Mexican fine arts
are also deeply influenced by the European traditions. After the independence,
many pieces of art came that focused on political, historic, and folk themes. Manuel
Álvarez Bravo is famous for his photography and has greatly influenced the Mexican
art photography.
Mexico is also famous for its
architecture. Mesoamerican architecture in Mexico, as discussed above, is
famous for its public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures.
Most of these are the largest monuments in the world. The Mexican architecture
shifted in styles many times as different civilizations emerged and, later, it
was also conquered by Spain. Mexican Churrigueresque has been one of Mexico's
most popular architectural styles which combined Amerindian and Moorish
decorative influences.
Mexican literature has its
earliest traces in the ancient days of Mesoamerica. Netzahualcoyotl is the most
well known pre-hispanic poet. The events and circumstances after the Spanish
conquest inspired many themes in the Mexican literature. Similar is the case
with the Mexican Revolution which had its influence on the Mexican literature
and its cinema alike. Mexican cinema flourished in the period between 1935 and
1959. There are many filmmakers who hail from Mexico and are famous worldwide
today.
Mexico celebrates its
independence from Spain on September 16. Día de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
("Guadalupe Day") is widely considered as the most important
religious holiday for Mexico. Other festivals include Las Posadas ("The
Shelters"), Noche Buena ("Holy Night"), Navidad
("Christmas") and Año Nuevo ("New Years Day"). Another
important item of Mexico’s culture is a piñata. It is made from papier-mache
and given a particular shape, mostly of animals or people. It is filled with
candies or toys and it opened by hitting it with a stick.
Mexican cuisine is also very
popular and includes tacos, enchiladas, mole sauce, atole, tamales, and pozole.
Many beverages are also very famous e.g. molinillo, mescal, pulque, tequila and
Mexican beer. Mexican food is known for being spicy and includes the use of chili
powder, cumin, oregano, cilantro, epazote, cinnamon, and cocoa.
Overall, the Mexican culture is deeply
influenced by the Spanish culture. Its traces can always be found in the music
and other entertainment. The famous sport of bullfighting is also famous in
Mexico because of Spain. The influence of Mesoamericans and the Aztecs can also
be found but it is mostly surpassed by the European influence. Mexico has seen
many civilizations throughout history and every civilization has left its mark
on the Mexican culture. The
pre-colonization civilizations largely did not differ from each other in many
respects but the European culture was something completely new. After the
Mexican Revolution, Mexico has continued to keep many aspects of the Spanish
culture but over the course of almost two hundred years, it has developed many
things that are entirely its own. There are many aspects of the Spanish culture
that the Mexicans stopped following.
Therefore, it can be said that Mexico has its own culture today.
We found Documentary episode from YouTube was done by BBC channel about Mexican culture
We hope that you enjoyed the episode
References
Gilbert Michael Joseph; Timothy
J. Henderson (2002). The Mexico Reader:
History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press.
Don M. Coerver; Suzanne B.
Pasztor; Robert Buffington (2004). Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary
Culture and History. ABC-CLIO
